Joan durrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joan durrant - Essay ExampleThe significant research of Durrant concentrates on various dimensions such as cultural, legal and mental frameworks of corporate punishment of children in Canada and worldwide. Moreover, the research works of Dr. Durrant emphasizes upon prohibiting physical maltreatment of children. The research also provides an adequate support within the context of disciplinary approach that is taken into bring up towards preventing the children from any sort of physical maltreatment. The studies of Durrant are applied in diametric parts of Canada, Sweden and Germany that provides elimination of corporal punishment of children by a significant direct (University of Manitoba, 2012). The paper intends to discuss the detailed research works that conducted by Dr. Joan Durrant. Moreover, the linkage of the research of Dr. Durrant with the developmental health perspective and certain recommendations that would enhance the quality of fretting children will also be depict ed in this paper. Explanation of the Research Conducted By Joan Durrant The dimensions relating to physical punishment or maltreatment of children have been observed from preceding(prenominal) few years and are regarded to be an important concern in the context of international affairs. According to various researches, it has been noted that physical or corporal punishment has been raised considerably in the year 1990. The research works of Dr. ... Moreover, it has also been viewed that the physical punishment or maltreatment of children belonging to the age sort of six to nine years result increased levels of unsociable behavior with the application of different controls. In this regard, the controls may include family or socio-economic status and stirred support levels among others. The aforementioned study further indicates that physical punishment is a major factor of jeopardy for rising aggression in children that compels them to perform antisocial behaviors (Durrant & Enso m, 2012). The research works conducted by Durrant & Ensom are related to the significant aspect of child aggression. The works in the research observes connectivity between physical punishment and psychological aspects. It has been viewed that physical punishment is related with wide ranging mental health related difficulties of children, youths and adults that include sadness, grief, anxiety, use of drugs and alcohol among others. Moreover, the researchers also observed that physical punishment or maltreatment is mainly connected with mental development of children that ultimately affects in the educational development of the individuals or rather the children. From the perspective of the development of children, it has been observed that the studies relating to neuroimaging compete an imperative part. In this regard, the studies linked with neuroimaging suggest that physical punishment can lessen the volume of grey matter of brain in relation to different development areas of chi ldren. It can be stated that physical punishment can cause significant changes in dopaminergic regions that are related with susceptibility towards the ill-treatment of drugs and alcohol. On the basis of the

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History Discussion - Research Paper ExamplePuritans and the Pilgrims were the initial settlers of New England. The economy was majorly averaged on lumbering, subsistence factory farm and manufacturing.Fishing, trade and fish building was also practiced. The pilgrims at around 1920 established a church that they wanted to be expel from government interference and free from the Church of England. This ambition neccesited their movement to New England resulting to the establishment of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. The New Netherlands was the main trading partner of New England during this period.Moreover, the New England City was more(prenominal) prosperous and independent than Chesapeake colonies with major emphasis laid to slave labor because services were readily available due to influx of slavery. In addition, the economic base of mid colonies majorly depended on both wage and family labor. Both the male and the female slaves worked as domestics. Majority of the poor enslaved men were wagoners, artisans and carters (Jefferson 51-53).In conclusion, slavery was legalized in either thirteen American colonies prior to the American Revolution.However, slavery played different economic and social roles in each of the regions and this mainly depended on slavery counsel and the size of slaves enslaved. The most common factor among them all without doubt is that they all legalized slavery until the American Revolution changed

The structure of project building project Essay

The structure of project building project - Essay ExampleThe advantage of this regularity is that if the knob is very specific about his requirements of the final project, the haleor has no excuse but to deliver, as all consultants and their coordination are his responsibility. The disadvantage of such a experience is that if the client is not vigilant, the declarer can cut corners in order to maximise his profit, at the cost of the quality of the finished project.This method of procurement makes the contractor a stakeholder in the project, sharing profits as well as risk. The development of such projects are increasingly been seen in large township developments, where mannequin wise development is done. This method makes it possible for each stakeholder to manage cash flows more easily, despite a slower return on investment.This is a method by which very large and complicated projects requiring several consultants are executed. This is used in cases where no atomic number 53 entity, including architect, contractor or consultant can single handedly deliver the project on time and to specifications.A contract is an exchange of commitments towards a common goal. ... 4.2A contract is an exchange of commitments towards a common goal. It may be written or oral, and contains the terms and conditions according to which all participants shall work to achieve those goals in the best interests of the venture. The basic requirements that a construction contract has to achieve areIt needs to be compatible with the laws of the land.It has to be formulated properly, with a clear structure so as to eliminate confusion or equivocalness as to its contents.A contract has to consider the making of an offer and its implicit acceptance by another party, subject to the terms and conditions within it.A contract has to mention the considerations for carrying out the job, in the form of clearly defined monetary compensation for the standard as well as deviations in the terms a nd conditions. all told parties entering into a contract need to have the ability to execute the contract.No person with a criminal record, of unsound mind or low the age of 18 can be a signatory to a contract.Performance obligations in a contract Every party to the contract has an obligation to complete the work set down in the contract, and to set up a self-auditing mechanism to study his own periodic performance on the project, and to touch on any delays and deficiencies in the execution that may potentially compromise the project. It is also the contractors prerogative to check the clients satisfaction continuously.Time obligations of a contractIt is the contractors responsibility to latch on work after a careful project timeline with realistic deadlines, and to work towards maintaining or exceeding those deadlines. It is also the contractors responsibility to bring any repercussions of changes in radiation diagram or

Regeneration of Cartilage and Tendons in the Upper Extremities Dissertation

Regeneration of Cartilage and Tendons in the Upper Extremities - Dissertation ExampleTheir research helped them chip in that there ar three main elements in tissue engineering and regeneration sufficient cellular phone numbers within the defect, access to differentiation factors, cell carrier or matrix which fills the defect and allows cell proliferation (Gao et.al., 2007). This get a line was able to indicate that cell regeneration of cartilage in the upper extremities is only unmixed with stem cells in adult somatic tissues which wad differentiate into various lineages of experimental conditions. In critically evaluating the research methods and content of this deal, it is apparent to note that the issuing chosen is very a great deal significant and relevant in the current orthopedic practice, especially where this practice has yet to establish clear and effective cartilage and tendon regeneration. Unlike bones which often have mechanisms of quality regeneration in place, the authors focused their study on the regeneration of cartilage. The results of the study were very much supported by their tables and by the literature review they presented. Moreover, the conclusions were drawn based on the logical evaluation of results as well as the discussion of variables. The limitations of the study were discussed, mostly in relation to the small population covered which also limited the generalized applicability of the results. Difficulties in regeneration of the cartilage has also been discussed by Scheibel et.al. (2004) where the authors carried out osteochondral autologous transplantations from the knee joints to the shoulder on eight patient respondents. Standard assessment measures were applied to the patients. After about 32 months from the transplantations, regeneration was seen in the cartilage indicating osseointegration of the osteochondral plugs and alignment of cartilage at the transplantation site. This study revealed that osteochondral autolo gous transplants in the shoulders offer viable options for lesions in the cartilage at the glenohumeral joints. The results of this study are very much related to previous studies on the subject matter in terms of the benefits of autologous transplantations for cartilage. The variables of the study were sufficiently explained and specified however, limitations of the study were on the application of ethical research practices which the authors did not specify. It is difficult to gauge the application of confidentiality as well as informed consent without the authors specifying such applications within their text. The methods of the study are nevertheless replicable and repeatable for future studies and for future reference. Funakoshi et.al. (2006) carried out their experiment on tendon regeneration at the shoulders in their study where their subjects were rabbits. They experimented on 21 rabbits in order to evaluate the feasibility of nonwoven chitin fabrics in the acellular matrix rotator cuff regeneration. The subjects were assessed on the cellular level at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks following procedure and intervention. The authors were able to establish the value of grafted shoulders on subjects, which exhibited type III collagen regenerated tissues. In other words, using chitin fabric as an acellular matrix helped the regeneration of the tendons in the shoulder area. This study also supports the notion which was already forwarded by previous studies where cellular regeneration on cartilage and tendons can be difficult, but can be made

An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls EssayAn Inspector Calls is a play that investigates the tender injustice of order in England. Its author JB Priestly writes a story based on the society reigned by King Edward. In this historic consequence the British Empire was at its peak of world colonial power. Edwardian society, as the period was known as, was split into different class groups. You had upper class, set class and lower class. JB Priestly rights ab step up an Edwardian upper class family, called the Birlings and how their transgressions lead to the suicide of a poor lower class factory role player known as Eva smith. The story begins in the Birling household where the family are celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. The celebrations are interrupted as the inspector appears, bringing the intelligence operation of the suicide of Eva Smith. His inquiries reveal each member of the Birling household involvement in the case and the once full Birling family are reve aled to be quite pathetic and immoral.In reference to the essay question I shall now write ab come forth one member of the Birling family and how their character changes by means of out the play.Sheila Birling is the daughter of Author and Sybil Birling. It is at her engagement party with Gerald Croft, where the inspector reveals the familys involvement in the Eva Smith suicide case. In the story Priestly portrays her as a young beautiful lady with a rather selfish and arrogant nature. utilize her compelling personality she is able to obtain anything in which she desires through her father. At the beginning of the inspectors inquiries she seemssomewhat curious about the reason for the inspectors interference.Of course at this time she is unaware of her contribution to the incident and sits in the room with a feeling of impartial responsibility to the suicide of Eva Smith. After the inspector explains whats happened and how Eva Smith dies she registers an empathetic side of her p ersonality, which might have surprised the audience watching the play. She shows her compunction by describing her feelings towards the injustice of the case.The inspector interviews Author Birling first before moving on to Sheila. Author Birling insists for the inspector to leave his daughter out his inquiries, but the inspector points out to Mr Birling that he must speak to everybody in the house. The inspector unveils Sheilas involvement by revealing her as the second amour in a long chain of events leading to the death of Eva Smith. Edwardian upper class society was well renowned for their ability to exercise natural power and control over lower class persons. Priestly shows a perfect example of this during the inspectors questioning of Sheila. He reveals that after being sacked from Mr Birlings factory, Eva Smith found a knew line of work at a clothes shop where Sheila Birling was considered a valued customer.Eva Smith was soon left dismissed after being sacked again. The r eason was for being better looking than Sheila in a dress which had Miss Birlings best interest at heart. Using her social position she was able to influence the managers at the clothes shop into dismissing Eva Smith. Sheila is devastated after hearing the effect of her selfish act. The inspector shows another side to Sheila Birlings character, her dark side. Perhaps Sheila can be separated from the rest of the family as she is the only one, apart from Eric who is able to accept responsibility for her action, unlike her father who a coward at heart made excuses for his actions.Through the course of the play Sheila slowly changes from a spoilt little rich snob into a mature young lady. She begins to piece of land the inspectors views on Edwardian society and brings about a few of her own views.The purpose of Priestly writing An Inspector Calls was to get his views about Edwardian society across England. Using the inspector he criticizesThe social order of Edwardian society. So any interpretation made by the inspector is a comment made by JB Priestly.ConclusionI have been able to successfully answer the essay question using Sheila Birling as my character to show how members of the Birling family changed. JB Priestly reveals the injustice that occurred in Edwardian society. He shows the audience that the upper class people of Edwardian society were consequently not the respectable upright citizens that their class positions would have implied.

Video game violence Essay Example for Free

Video punt violence EssayVideo Game Violence Law Poses Questions, is an editorial dictated in the online magazine V Planet. Vance Velez, the source of the controversial issue, opposes the upper-case letter jurisprudence involving specific forms of flick game violence, which is on the verge of being leaned in the Legislature. He successfully persuades his audience that the capital of the United States fair play limits peoples rights and that they should get to a stand against the proposed law. His audience includes people who argon in favor of the cap law, c erstwhilerned parents, and adult depiction gamers that oppose the Washington law, who are, in his definition, those 18 or older. Those who are in favor of the law whitethorn include politicians, or mothers who suffer relate to influential violence on children. Adult moving-picture show gamers are those who enjoy playing video games as a favorite pastime, scantily like golf or aerobics, for most Americans. Its no argument that video games are becoming more violent, states Velez. Many parents and politicians oppose the violence somewhat however want to get these kind of video games banned. A politician who opposes this specific form of violence is Mary Lou Dickerson. Mary Lou Dickerson is a State Legislator who has proposed a law to restrict certain violent material in video games.The proposed law, which is quoted in the editorial, states Levies a fine up to 500 dollars on anyone who rents or sells to psyche 17 or younger computer games in which the player kills or injures a human form that is depicted as a public law enforcement officer. Police officers and firefighters are included in that classification. Velez addresses many flaws in the proposed law in detail and also explains some consequences that may occur if the law is passed. Vance Velez is the author of many editorials that appear on this online magazine. His broad knowledge of video games allows him to pinpoint the main probl ems of the law.He successfully persuades people that are in favor of the law, that it may, in the long run, actually harm our youth. The authors main argument throughout the editorial is backed by issuing a series of examples how many games that do not endanger young children, may be banned because of a faulty law. He mentions that passing the law will limit peoples rights and may also act as a gateway law, to limit others rights. If they take extraneous our right to absorb fun and view what we enjoy, then what else will they take away when violence is still present in our society? Vance Velez explains in detail why people should oppose the Washington law on video games. Although he does introduce and define many terms involving video games, he expects the reader to at least have some knowledge about video games. He addresses many games, like Simcity and Grand Theft Auto, which have been in the mainstream lately therefore, readers must be up to date with video games and must be fa miliar with certain type of video games in order to understand the authors references.Velez addresses adult video gamers and lets them know that their valued games may be lost, so he urges them to take action and protest this pending law.Velez opposes the Washington law because it violates peoples rights. Velez stand that taking away things mature Americans enjoy would be a crime in itself because it violates the emancipation of Speech rights. In his definition a mature American is a individual who knows right from wrong. He states, The Washington law, because its built on fear of the unknown and lack of communication, fails to recognize the freedom of speech rights. The author uses logos by referring to peoples values of their rights. The author hands the first paragraph with a question, Whats the right way to protect children from violence? He appeals to those who are against video game violence and lets them know that he wants safety for our youth with the use of good reason s. He gains trust from this audience by showing he wants things for the better. His definition of children includes those who have a sense of right and wrong but are still easily influenced. He believes that video games arent harming children its some other factor that is the reason why video games are harming very young kids, such as lack of parent guidance and discipline. Velez talks about this later on in his editorial.He then uses pathos to appeal to the feelings of concerned parents, and those who are in favor of the Washington law, as he states, This is the fourth time that politicians have tried to pass laws regulating violent content in video games. This audience sees how helpless and unsuccessful the government is when it comes to passing these types of laws. This audience feels sorry for the government, they sort of look heap at them shame. Those who are in favor of the Washington law may begin to speak out that people who cant make up their minds take form our country .They may start to question the proposed law and wonder if it too, will fail. Velez quotes Mary Lou Dickerson, who explains what the state legislator actually thinks about video games in response to a causal agent. The lawsuit filed today against Washingtons ban on sales or rentals of cop-killing games to children comes as no surprise. Certain elements of the video-game industry clearly want the right to sell any game, no matter how brutal, racist or sick, to any child, no matter how young. Velez rebuts this argument by initially stating its in violation of Freedom of Speech rights.Politicians are actually trying to ban violent video games which are a pastime that many adult Americans enjoy. By adult, Velez states that he means, Those people who are 18 or older. He persuades this audience to take action by standing up against the law. Velez remarks, Taking away an individuals right to have fun and enjoy video games can be argued as a violation. The author is addressing adult ga mers when he states this because they have the ability to stand up against such laws.The authors statements imperil adult gamers and make them have a sense of danger that their lives are being controlled. Velez begins his argument by mentioning games that are harmless, in his opinion, which may be banned because they violate the grounds of the Washington law. His example of the game Simcity, appeals to logos and ethos by explaining how an educational game would be in violation of the law. He says, In the game of Simcity, you can cause a minor disaster in your city by causing a tornado, an earthquake or a flood.These disasters can destroy the police station or fire department, which would be in violation of the proposed Washington law. His audiences are those who are for the Washington law and concerned parents when he explains how innocent games, according to Velez, are the victims of the proposed law. He persuades them by making them realize not all violent video games are harmful to children. I think if this audience is familiar with the game of Simcity, they would agree that it is not a violent game, but the author makes them realize that their values will be lost if the law passes, by the use of pathos.Many video gamers would find this offensive because they arent able to enjoy their innocent games. The audiences emotions are being involved in this paragraph with the use of pathos. The authors ethos is clarified once his familiarity and expertise with video games begin to show and as he introduces situations that are possible once the law is passed. In another example of a harmful video game, the definition according the Washington law, Velez introduces the game Rampage, where giant gorillas and lizards destroy cities, similar to world power Kong.The author explains that in the game the animals are capable of crushing police stations and police cars. Rampage, which attracts gamers between the ages of eight and sixteen, would be in violation of the Washin gton law. The author introduces the silliness of the Washington law. He makes the audience realize that highly fictional characters arent harmful to children however, he states, In the governments eyes, they will make children grow up to be terrorists. Velez describes the many holes the proposed law contains.Those who are for the Washington law are persuaded with logos in this situation because they believe it is only fair for children or even adults to have fun if the game is completely safe. They may also think of other forms of entertainment that may also be involved with this kind of law. They conjecture other situations where law enforcement officers are portrayed or killed, such as in numerous movies such as, Robin Hood and Lethal Weapon. why arent these issues being addressed? Are video games that much worse than violent movies and plays?In his last paragraph, Velez explains his beliefs involving the problems of violent video games. His finger points to government and most importantly, the childrens parents. He explains that parents have the responsibility to judge what their child sees and hears. Some adult audiences might find his accusation offensive and may get turned off by his remarks, because they are blunt and obtrusive. An example of this is when he remarks, The parents should be responsible enough to monitor their children and make sure that that particular game does not enter the soothe (videogame system) itself. Reasonable adult audiences may actually listen to hear what the author is trying to get across. His use of logos appeals to those who are in favor of the Washington law because he makes them think about how parents could be the source of the problem. They may agree that parents need to be on the look out for what is safe and unsafe for their children. Velez explains that parents allow children to play violent video games that influence children to do harm which portray video games as the main source of the problem.Its easier to b lame an image or machine than it is to blame people, Velez said. The parent problem may make more sense to his opposing audience if they arent biased and read the editorial with an open mind. In conclusion, Vance Velez was very familiar with his topic, which gave him enough credibility to persuade those in his audience who are in favor of the Washington law, to think twice about their position and possibly accept his belief, that passing the Washington law is a mistake.Hes also successful at convincing adult gamers, those 18 or older, to take action against the proposed Washington law. His arguments were well thought out and convincing by using logos and pathos. However, his alternative to the Washington law was a bit broad and didnt really include a solution. He identified the problems that might occur if the law is passed, such as the loss of Freedom of Speech Rights, but he had no feedback on how else to deal with the situation. I believe authors overall argument was persuading e ven though he didnt include a proposed solution.

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Technologies

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy TechnologiesContents (Jump to)CHAPTER 3Solar and wind technologies comparison3.1 economic science of technologies3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic Cells3.1.1 economics of wind turbines3.2 Efficiency of technologies3.3 Advantages and disadvantagesCHAPTER 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1Results4.2DiscussionCHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1Conclusions5.2RecommendationREFERENCESCHAPTER 2Solar and Wind Technologies Comparison3.1 Economics of technologiesInstalled salute and exertion levels of renewable dynamism plants are similar around the world, although no single figure can quantify the precise address and performance of any renewable engine room. The location where the technology is installed plays a major role in providing the muscle resource for renewable ability technologies. Solar installations close to the equator slang more energy production capability. Wind energy variations are more extreme, windiest regions are favorable to install win d turbines that generates significant amount of electrical energy such as New Zealand and United Kingdom (Freris and Infield, 2008).Table 3.1 shows the main parameters related to renewable energy technologies and conventional plant. It also indicates the three major components of energy generation greet which are (1) the represent of the plant, land acquisition, grid connection and initial finance court, (2) surgical operation and guardianship represent (OM) and finally fuel cost. From the accede it is noticeable that most of the renewable energy technologies welcome zero fuel cost and it varies in conventional plant.Table 3.1 Comparison of cost and performance info for renewable energy and conventional plant (Freris and Infield, 2008)Levelized cost method is the main traditional approach used to compare cost generating electricity from various energy technologies. The levelized cost of energy technologies is euphonyd as it is shown in equivalence 3.1LOCE = (Eq. 3.1)The LCOE method is concept from reality and is used as a ranking tool to measure the cost-effectiveness of various energy generation technologies. Where CF is the capacity factor OC is the overnight construction cost CRF is the capital recovery factor OMC is the series of annualized operation and maintenance costs FC is the series of annualized fuel costs r is the ignore rate and T is the economic life of the plant.3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic CellsSolar radiation is a finite and free source of energy precisely despite that, there is cost for utilizing this form of energy. The calculation of the cost of solar energy can be made in the following manner. Assuming the solar carcass would have a specific lifetime of T years at initial cost of C0 Dollar. The amount of energy the system can generate during the lifetime of the system is Q (Goswami et al., 2000). The unite cost of energy, neglecting the interest charges, is equal to the cost of the installation divided by the total energy gene rated during the lifetime as it is shown in Equations 3.2 Cs = (Eq. 3.2)For example if the solar energy collector cost $200/m2 , has an expected life of 20 years, and is installed in a location where the mean annual horizontal surface irradiance is 300 W/m2 bonnied over 24 hours, the cost of solar energy Cs will be equal to= = $0.00380/Kw.hrHowever it is clear that no solar energy collector can perform at 100% efficiency. According to thermodynamical laws only a fraction of incident energy can be transformed into useful heat. Assuming the efficiency of the collector c is 40 percent, the cost of solar will be given by Equation 3.2Cs = = $0.00951/Kw.hr (Eq. 3.3)The efficiency of photovoltaic device plays a major role in the cost of the technology as we notice from the previous equation along with the optic of the device. The price of photovoltaic materials is usually expressed on a per-unit-area basis but the units are often sold based on cost per watt that is generated under peak solar illumination conditions. Equation 3.4 is used to convert the cost per square meter to cost per watt for photovoltaic technologies$/WP = (Eq. 3.4)The return on investment made for specific equipment or material used for the photovoltaic system also is estimated. The payback time of PV unite of cost $/m2, is associated with the efficiency of the system, the installation location and the price of at which electricity generated is sold on the market $/kWh. Equation 3.5 is used to estimate the payback time which isPayback time = (Eq. 3.5)The generate a significant quantity of energy in commercial application, several elements should be mainly considered such as the average illumination, cost of land, batteries, support structure and the life time of the PV unite. Balance of system (BOS) cost must be considered and it includes the mounting, wiring, operation cost and maintenance cost. The cost of electricity generated by solar cells can be calculated using Equation 3.6a and Figur e 3.1 illustrate breakdown of the cost in PV system.Figure 3.1 PV Solar System Cost Breakdown (Source the Rocky Mountain Institute) (Eq. 3.6a)Inserting the relevant terms, in Equation 3.6a and it becomes = (Eq. 3.6b)The amortization rate is estimated from the real discount rate of i, and a PV lifetime, N, as shown in Equation 3.7Amortization = (Eq. 3.7)The global annual production of solar energy technologies is estimated to be at approximately 12,400 MW in year 2007. Annual growth of PV production remains to be at 40-50% and according to Earth Policy Institute, the photovoltaic industry has grown by an average of 48% each year since 2002. This rapid growth of PV production made the solar energy became the world fastest-growing renewable energy resource (Henry and Healey, 2007).The wide renewing of photovoltaic panels technologies competing in different energy markets was a major role in the rapid growth of solar energy technologies in a short period of time. For instance, lar gescale photovoltaic panels and concentrated solar power technologies are competing with other technologies that seek to serve the centralized grid. Whereby on the other hand, small-scale solar systems compete with other types of technologies such as diesel generation sets and off-grid wind turbines (Timilsinaa et al., 2012). Along with the variety of PV technologies, with the advancement of science and technology sector, the efficiency and power generation capacity of solar technologies have been improved to generate electricity that can compete with the conventional sources power plants.Photovoltaic technologies have been experiencing, the price of PV models haven been steadily lessen during the past few decades. A lot of elements such as Technology improvement using lower cost feedstocks, efficiency increases, thinner solar cells, reduction in technical losses and increased manufacturing through had played a major role in decreasing the cost of PV modules throughout the years (S ioshansi, 2011). Figure 3.2 shows the declination in photovoltaic panels price per watt from 1978 until 2012.Figure 3.2 Historical photovoltaic module price per watt from 1978-2012(Source Navigant Consulting, 2008)From the Figure3.2, the price of PV modules were at it maximum in 1976 with 75$ per watt but in year 1978 the price drop to reach or so 55$ per watt. PV modules price kept decrease with the time passage and between 1986 and 1988 the price of PV module reached below the 10$ per watt. The declination of PV modules cost did not stymy and between years 2010 and 2012 the price reached the lowest rate which was 1$ per watt.Photovoltaic technology system have no moving parts, this property reduces the cost of PV modules significantly along with the minimum operation and maintenance costs (mainly to remove the dirt and dust off the module) which is around 0.5% of the capital investment per year. The cost of PV unit straightway is 60% of the total cost of PV system cost and the remaining 40% is covered by the structures, inverters and cabling costs (Aswathanarayana et al., 2010).ReferencesHenry M. and Healey P.E (2007) Economics of Solar, Cogeneration Distributed Generation Journal, vol. (22), no. (3), pp. 35-49, inside 10.1080/15453660709509122.Timilsinaa, G. R. Kurdgelashvili, L. and Narbel, P. A. (2012) Solar energy Markets, economics and policies, vol. (12), pp. 449-465.Print prevail Freris, L and Infield, D. (2008) Renewable energy In power systems, United Kingdom John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Print Book Goswami, Y. Kreith, F. and Kreider, J. F. (2000) Second Edition Principle of Solar Engineering, New York, US Taylor and Francis GroupPrint Book Sioshansi, F. P. (2011) Energy, sustainability and the environment Technology, incentives, behavior. Oxford, UK Elsevier Inc.